Osteonecrosis

Osteonecrosis, also known as avascular necrosis (AVN), is a condition where the bone tissue dies due to a lack of blood supply. Without blood, the bone tissue breaks down and eventually collapses. It most commonly affects the ends of long bones, such as the femur (thigh bone), but can affect other bones as well, like the hips, knees, shoulders, and ankles.

Causes

Trauma or injury

A fracture or dislocation can damage blood vessels and disrupt blood flow to the bone.

Steroid use

Long-term or high-dose use of corticosteroids is linked to osteonecrosis, although the exact mechanism isn't fully understood.

Alcohol consumption

Excessive drinking can interfere with blood flow to the bone.

Medical conditions

Conditions like sickle cell disease, lupus, and certain infections can increase the risk.

Other factors

Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and certain medications can contribute to osteonecrosis.

Symptoms

– Pain: Gradual onset of pain in the affected joint is the most common symptom. It may start as mild but worsen over time.

– Stiffness and reduced range of motion: As the condition progresses, the joint may become stiff and difficult to move.
– Limping: If the hip or leg is affected, it can lead to limping.

Diagnosis

– Imaging: X-rays, MRI, and CT scans are commonly used to assess the extent of bone damage.

– Bone scans: This can help detect early signs of reduced blood flow to the bone.

Treatment

– Non-surgical options: In the early stages, treatment may include medications to manage pain, limiting weight-bearing activities, and physical therapy.
– Surgical options:

– Core decompression: Relieving pressure within the bone to improve blood flow.

– Bone grafting: Using healthy bone tissue to replace the damaged bone.
– Joint replacement: In severe cases, the affected joint may need to be replaced with an artificial one.

Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent further bone damage and reduce the risk of joint collapse.

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