Compartment Syndrome

Compartment Syndrome

Compartment Syndrome is a serious medical condition that occurs when excessive pressure builds up inside an enclosed muscle space in the body. This pressure can decrease blood flow, which prevents nourishment and oxygen from reaching nerve and muscle cells. If untreated, compartment syndrome can lead to permanent muscle and nerve damage, and in severe cases, it can be life-threatening.

Types of Compartment Syndrome
Acute Compartment Syndrome (ACS)

- Causes: Typically caused by trauma, such as a fracture, crush injury, or severe contusion. It can also occur after surgery, burns, or vascular injuries.
- Symptoms: Severe pain that does not improve with pain medication, pain that is disproportionate to the injury, numbness, tingling, weakness in the affected limb, and swelling.
- Treatment: This is a surgical emergency, often requiring a fasciotomy (a procedure where the fascia is cut to relieve the pressure). Delayed treatment can lead to permanent damage or loss of the limb.

Chronic (Exertional) Compartment Syndrome

- Causes: Often seen in athletes who engage in repetitive activities, such as running or cycling. The condition develops over time due to increased pressure during exercise.
- Symptoms: Pain or cramping during exercise, swelling, numbness, or difficulty moving the affected limb, and symptoms that subside after stopping the activity.
- Treatment: Conservative treatment includes rest, physical therapy, and modifying the activity. In some cases, surgery may be needed.

Diagnosis

– Physical Examination: Checking for signs of pain, swelling, and reduced function in the affected limb.

– Compartment Pressure Measurement: A direct measurement of the pressure within the compartment using a needle or catheter.
– Imaging: MRI or ultrasound may be used to assess the extent of the condition, especially in chronic cases.

Management

– Acute Compartment Syndrome: Requires immediate medical intervention, typically with surgery (fasciotomy) to relieve pressure.

– Chronic Compartment Syndrome: May be managed initially with non-surgical methods, but persistent cases may require a fasciotomy.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent permanent damage in acute cases. Chronic cases, while less urgent, still require careful management to prevent long-term issues.

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